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Full lifetime cost analysis of battery, plug-in hybrid and FCEVs in China in the near future

Zhihua CAI, Xunmin OU, Qian ZHANG, Xiliang ZHANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 107-111 doi: 10.1007/s11708-012-0182-1

摘要： This paper analyzes the full lifetime cost of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) in China in the near future. The full lifetime cost comprises the initial and periodic cost of owning and operating the vehicle. Compared with the conventional gasoline vehicles, the full lifetime cost of the BEVs, PHEVs and FCEVs are approximately 1.5, 0.5 and 2.3 times more in the short term, respectively, due to the higher initial costs and higher non-energy-related costs though the fuel costs are lower. The results also suggest that with reasonably anticipatable technological progress in the long term, the lifetime cost of advanced electric vehicles (EVs) can be close to that of gasoline vehicles. It is found that two aspects of action are most important to make BEVs cost-effective: to support technology improvement to decrease the high cost of BEV and to formulate high energy cost of operating the conventional gasoline car. Moreover, it is important to decrease the non-energy operating costs including registration fee, tax rate and etc., of BEVs at the same time.

关键词： electric vehicle (EV) life time cost China

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Cumulant-based correlated probabilistic load flow considering photovoltaic generation and electric vehicle

Nitesh Ganesh BHAT, B. Rajanarayan PRUSTY, Debashisha JENA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第2期页码 184-196 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0465-7

摘要： This paper applies a cumulant-based analytical method for probabilistic load flow (PLF) assessment in transmission and distribution systems. The uncertainties pertaining to photovoltaic generations and aggregate bus load powers are probabilistically modeled in the case of transmission systems. In the case of distribution systems, the uncertainties pertaining to plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and battery electric vehicle charging demands in residential community as well as charging stations are probabilistically modeled. The probability distributions of the result variables (bus voltages and branch power flows) pertaining to these inputs are accurately established. The multiple input correlation cases are incorporated. Simultaneously, the performance of the proposed method is demonstrated on a modified Ward-Hale 6-bus system and an IEEE 14-bus transmission system as well as on a modified IEEE 69-bus radial and an IEEE 33-bus mesh distribution system. The results of the proposed method are compared with that of Monte-Carlo simulation.

关键词： battery electric vehicle extended cumulant method photovoltaic generation plug-in hybrid electric vehicle probabilistic load flow

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Smart product design for automotive systems

A. Galip ULSOY

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第14卷第1期页码 102-112 doi: 10.1007/s11465-019-0527-0

摘要： Automobiles evolved from primarily mechanical to electro-mechanical, or mechatronic, vehicles. For example, carburetors have been replaced by fuel injection and air-fuel ratio control, leading to order of magnitude improvements in fuel economy and emissions. Mechatronic systems are pervasive in modern automobiles and represent a synergistic integration of mechanics, electronics and computer science. They are smart systems, whose design is more challenging than the separate design of their mechanical, electronic and computer/control components. In this review paper, two recent methods for the design of mechatronic components are summarized and their applications to problems in automotive control are highlighted. First, the combined design, or co-design, of a smart artifact and its controller is considered. It is shown that the combined design of an artifact and its controller can lead to improved performance compared to sequential design. The coupling between the artifact and controller design problems is quantified, and methods for co-design are presented. The control proxy function method, which provides ease of design as in the sequential approach and approximates the performance of the co-design approach, is highlighted with application to the design of a passive/active automotive suspension. Second, the design for component swapping modularity (CSM) of a distributed controller for a smart product is discussed. CSM is realized by employing distributed controllers residing in networked smart components, with bidirectional communication over the network. Approaches to CSM design are presented, as well as applications of the method to a variable-cam-timing engine, and to enable battery swapping in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.

关键词： mechatronics automotive control co-design component swapping modularity active suspensions variable camshaft timing engine plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

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state-of-charge trajectory estimation using upcoming route information preview and neural networks for plug-inhybrid electric vehicles fuel economy

Ahmad MOZAFFARI,Mahyar VAJEDI,Nasser L. AZAD

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第10卷第2期页码 154-167 doi: 10.1007/s11465-015-0336-z

摘要：

The main proposition of the current investigation is to develop a computational intelligence-based framework which can be used for the real-time estimation of optimum battery state-of-charge (SOC) trajectory in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The estimated SOC trajectory can be then employed for an intelligent power management to significantly improve the fuel economy of the vehicle. The devised intelligent SOC trajectory builder takes advantage of the upcoming route information preview to achieve the lowest possible total cost of electricity and fossil fuel. To reduce the complexity of real-time optimization, the authors propose an immune system-based clustering approach which allows categorizing the route information into a predefined number of segments. The intelligent real-time optimizer is also inspired on the basis of interactions in biological immune systems, and is called artificial immune algorithm (AIA). The objective function of the optimizer is derived from a computationally efficient artificial neural network (ANN) which is trained by a database obtained from a high-fidelity model of the vehicle built in the Autonomie software. The simulation results demonstrate that the integration of immune inspired clustering tool, AIA and ANN, will result in a powerful framework which can generate a near global optimum SOC trajectory for the baseline vehicle, that is, the Toyota Prius PHEV. The outcomes of the current investigation prove that by taking advantage of intelligent approaches, it is possible to design a computationally efficient and powerful SOC trajectory builder for the intelligent power management of PHEVs.

关键词： trip information preview intelligent transportation state-of-charge trajectory builder immune systems artificial neural network

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新型混合动力汽车全数字电力驱动系统的研究

孙玉坤,张好明

《中国工程科学》 2009年第11卷第4期页码 57-62

摘要：

混合动力汽车电机要求高效、高功率密度、低脉动转矩，普通电机显示出了其局限性；Halbach电机是一种新型永磁电机：独特的永磁体结构使其磁极磁场呈单边且正弦分布，在增加气隙磁通密度、削弱转子轭部磁通密度的同时，又可减少磁场谐波，这有利于提高电机的功率密度和效率、减小电机的体积和脉动转矩；基于MATLAB的Halbach电机设计软件和基于ANSYS有限元分析软件极大地减少了样机设计时间；针对Halbach电机特点设计了基于DSP2407A混合动力汽车全数字电力驱动系统，实验结果证明Halbach电机在混合动力

关键词：混合动力汽车电力驱动系统 Halbach阵列永磁电机有限元分析电机设计

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电动车锂离子电池的材料问题

陈立泉

《中国工程科学》 2002年第4卷第11期页码 32-36

摘要：

简要介绍了我国电动车的开发现状，指出了发展电动车的瓶颈是电池；阐明了锂离子电池对发展电动车的作用，特别强调目前的关键是研发适于电动车的锂离子电池材料；简述了作者的实验室在电动车锂离子电池关键材料研究方面的最新进展。

关键词：电动车混合电动车锂离子电池电池材料

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Powertrain control of a solar photovoltaic-battery powered hybrid electric vehicle

P. PADMAGIRISAN, V. SANKARANARAYANAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 296-306 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0605-8

摘要： This paper proposes a powertrain controller for a solar photovoltaic battery powered hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The main objective of the proposed controller is to ensure better battery management, load regulation, and maximum power extraction whenever possible from the photovoltaic panels. The powertrain controller consists of two levels of controllers named lower level controllers and a high-level control algorithm. The lower level controllers are designed to perform individual tasks such as maximum power point tracking, battery charging, and load regulation. The perturb and observe based maximum power point tracking algorithm is used for extracting maximum power from solar photovoltaic panels while the battery charging controller is designed using a PI controller. A high-level control algorithm is then designed to switch between the lower level controllers based on different operating conditions such as high state of charge, low state of charge, maximum battery current, and heavy load by respecting the constraints formulated. The developed algorithm is evaluated using theoretical simulation and experimental studies. The simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed technique.

关键词： battery management system hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) solar photovoltaic

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Sizing of hybrid PMSG-PV system for battery charging of electric vehicles

M. M. RAJAN SINGARAVEL,S. ARUL DANIEL

《能源前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第1期页码 68-74 doi: 10.1007/s11708-015-0349-7

摘要： The number of electric vehicles are increasing in the society as they are considered as zero emission vehicles and also because conventional fuels are becoming expensive. Additional electrical power should be produced to meet the energy requirement of this increase in electric vehicle population. To use the existing grid infrastructure without any failure, installing distributed generator at secondary distribution network is essential. In this work, sizing of wind-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator—photovoltaic hybrid distributed generating system has been attempted to meet the energy demand of electric vehicles of a particular residential area. Different feasible combinations for wind generator capacity and photovoltaic capacity are obtained to satisfy the additional energy requirement. Results are analyzed based on energy, financial payback periods and daily power profile of the hybrid system. Based on this analysis, the sizes of wind generator and photovoltaic array have been chosen to meet the energy demand of electric vehicles of that particular residential locality.

关键词： electric vehicles hybrid PMSG-PV system smart grid

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A review on the electric vehicle routing problems: Variants and algorithms

Hu QIN , Xinxin SU, Teng REN, Zhixing LUO

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第3期页码 370-389 doi: 10.1007/s42524-021-0157-1

摘要： Over the past decade, electric vehicles (EVs) have been considered in a growing number of models and methods for vehicle routing problems (VRPs). This study presents a comprehensive survey of EV routing problems and their many variants. We only consider the problems in which each vehicle may visit multiple vertices and be recharged during the trip. The related literature can be roughly divided into nine classes: Electric traveling salesman problem, green VRP, electric VRP, mixed electric VRP, electric location routing problem, hybrid electric VRP, electric dial-a-ride problem, electric two-echelon VRP, and electric pickup and delivery problem. For each of these nine classes, we focus on reviewing the settings of problem variants and the algorithms used to obtain their solutions.

关键词： electric vehicles routing recharging stations exact algorithms metaheuristics

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Fuel optimal control of parallel hybrid electric vehicles

PU Jinhuan, YIN Chenliang, ZHANG Jianwu

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2008年第3卷第3期页码 337-342 doi: 10.1007/s11465-008-0057-7

摘要： A mathematical model for fuel optimal control and its corresponding dynamic programming (DP) recursive equation were established for an existing parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). Two augmented cost functions for gear shifting and engine stop-starting were designed to limit their frequency. To overcome the problem of numerical DP dimensionality, an algorithm to restrict the exploring region was proposed. The algorithm significantly reduced the computational complexity. The system model was converted into real-time simulation code by using MATLAB/RTW to improve computation efficiency. Comparison between the results of a chassis dynamometer test, simulation, and DP proves that the proposed method can compute the performance limitation of the HEV within an acceptable time period and can be used to evaluate and optimize the control strategy.

关键词： mathematical Comparison computational complexity dimensionality corresponding

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Techno-economic analysis of the adoption of electric vehicles

Donald KENNEDY, Simon P. PHILBIN

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第4期页码 538-550 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0048-x

摘要： Significant advances in battery technology are creating a viable marketspace for battery powered passenger vehicles. Climate change and concerns over reliable supplies of hydrocarbons are aiding in the focus on electric vehicles. Consumers can be influenced by marketing and emotion resulting in behaviors that may not be in line with their stated objectives. Although sales of electric vehicles are accelerating, it may not be clear that purchasing an electric vehicle is advantageous from an economic or environmental perspective. A techno- economic analysis of electric vehicles comparing them against hybrids, gasoline and diesel vehicles is presented. The results show that the complexity of electrical power supply, infrastructure requirements and full life cycle concerns show that electric vehicles have a place in the future but that ongoing improvements will be required for them to be clearly the best choice for a given situation.

关键词： BEV battery powered electric vehicle environmental impact of electric vehicles techno-economic analysis gasoline versus electric powered cars diesel versus electric cars consumer behaviour

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Regenerative braking control strategy in mild hybrid electric vehicles equipped with automatic manual

QIN Datong, YE Ming, LIU Zhenjun

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第2卷第3期页码 364-369 doi: 10.1007/s11465-007-0064-0

摘要： The actual regenerative braking force of an integrated starter/generator (ISG), which is varied with desired braking deceleration and vehicle speed, is calculated based on an analysis of the required deceleration, maximum braking force of ISG, engine braking force and state of charge (SOC) of battery. Braking force distribution strategies are presented according to the actual regenerative braking force of ISG. To recover the vehicle s kinetic energy maximally, braking shift rules for a mild hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) equipped with automatic manual transmission (AMT) are brought forward and effects of transmission ratios are considered. A test-bed is built up and regenerative braking tests are carried out. The results show that power recovered by the braking shift rules is more than that recovered by the normal braking control rules.

关键词： SOC Braking battery regenerative braking starter/generator

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Lightweight design of an electric bus body structure with analytical target cascading

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第18卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0718-y

摘要： Lightweight designs of new-energy vehicles can reduce energy consumption, thereby improving driving mileage. In this study, a lightweight design of a newly developed multi-material electric bus body structure is examined in combination with analytical target cascading (ATC). By proposing an ATC-based two-level optimization strategy, the original lightweight design problem is decomposed into the system level and three subsystem levels. The system-level optimization model is related to mass minimization with all the structural modal frequency constraints, while each subsystem-level optimization model is related to the sub-structural performance objective with sub-structure mass constraints. To enhance the interaction between two-level systems, each subsystem-level objective is reformulated as a penalty-based function coordinated with the system-level objective. To guarantee the accuracy of the model-based analysis, a finite element model is validated through experimental modal test. A sequential quadratic programming algorithm is used to address the defined optimization problem for effective convergence. Compared with the initial design, the total mass is reduced by 49 kg, and the torsional stiffness is increased by 17.5%. In addition, the obtained design is also validated through strength analysis.

关键词： electric vehicle body in white (BIW) lightweight analytical target cascading (ATC)

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Statics of levitated vehicle model with hybrid magnets

Desheng LI, Zhiyuan LU, Tianwu DONG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第4卷第1期页码 35-39 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0002-4

摘要： By studying the special characteristics of permanent and electronic magnets, a levitated vehicle model with hybrid magnets is established. The mathematical model of the vehicle is built based on its dynamics equation by studying its machine structure and working principle. Based on the model, the basic characteristics and the effect between the excluding forces from permanent magnets in three different spatial directions are analyzed, statics characteristics of the interference forces in three different spatial directions are studied, and self-adjusting equilibrium characteristics and stabilization are analyzed. Based on the structure above, the vehicle can levitate steadily by control system adjustment.

关键词： magnetic levitation permanent magnet modeling equilibrium

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A framework for stochastic estimation of electric vehicle charging behavior for risk assessment of distribution

Salman HABIB, Muhammad Mansoor KHAN, Farukh ABBAS, Muhammad NUMAN, Yaqoob ALI, Houjun TANG, Xuhui YAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第2期页码 298-317 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0648-5

摘要： Power systems are being transformed to enhance the sustainability. This paper contributes to the knowledge regarding the operational process of future power networks by developing a realistic and stochastic charging model of electric vehicles (EVs).Large-scale integration of EVs into residential distribution networks (RDNs) is an evolving issue of paramount significance for utility operators. Unbalanced voltages prevent effective and reliable operation of RDNs. Diversified EV loads require a stochastic approach to predict EVs charging demand, consequently, a probabilistic model is developed to account several realistic aspects comprising charging time, battery capacity, driving mileage, state-of-charge, traveling frequency, charging power, and time-of-use mechanism under peak and off-peak charging strategies. An attempt is made to examine risks associated with RDNs by applying a stochastic model of EVs charging pattern. The output of EV stochastic model obtained from Monte-Carlo simulations is utilized to evaluate the power quality parameters of RDNs. The equipment capability of RDNs must be evaluated to determine the potential overloads. Performance specifications of RDNs including voltage unbalance factor, voltage behavior, domestic transformer limits and feeder losses are assessed in context to EV charging scenarios with various charging power levels at different penetration levels. Moreover, the impact assessment of EVs on RDNs is found to majorly rely on the type and location of a power network.

关键词： electric vehicles (EVs) residential distribution networks (RDNs) voltage unbalance factor (VUF) state-of charge (SOC) time-of-use (TOU)